{
  "title": "Advanced Science O/X",
  "description": "Deeper physics, chemistry, and biology",
  "languageCode": "en",
  "cards": [
    {
      "type": "ox",
      "prompt": "According to Einstein's equation E=mc², mass and energy are equivalent and can be converted into each other.",
      "answer": true,
      "explanation": "E=mc² expresses the equivalence of mass and energy, a cornerstone of modern physics."
    },
    {
      "type": "ox",
      "prompt": "The speed of light in a vacuum is approximately 300,000 kilometers per second.",
      "answer": true,
      "explanation": "Light travels at about 299,792 km/s in a vacuum."
    },
    {
      "type": "ox",
      "prompt": "An atom's chemical identity is determined by its number of neutrons.",
      "answer": false,
      "explanation": "An element is defined by its number of protons (atomic number), not neutrons."
    },
    {
      "type": "ox",
      "prompt": "DNA base pairing follows the rule that adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.",
      "answer": true,
      "explanation": "In DNA, A pairs with T and G pairs with C via complementary base pairing."
    },
    {
      "type": "ox",
      "prompt": "Absolute zero (0 kelvin) is the lowest possible temperature on the thermodynamic scale.",
      "answer": true,
      "explanation": "Absolute zero is the theoretical lower limit of temperature, about -273.15°C."
    },
    {
      "type": "ox",
      "prompt": "Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower the activation energy of chemical reactions.",
      "answer": true,
      "explanation": "Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energy and are not consumed in the process."
    },
    {
      "type": "ox",
      "prompt": "Sound can travel through the vacuum of outer space just like light.",
      "answer": false,
      "explanation": "Sound needs a medium (like air) to travel and cannot propagate through a vacuum; light can."
    },
    {
      "type": "ox",
      "prompt": "The mitochondria are often described as the powerhouse of the cell because they produce ATP.",
      "answer": true,
      "explanation": "Mitochondria generate ATP through cellular respiration, powering the cell."
    },
    {
      "type": "choice",
      "prompt": "Which subatomic particle carries a negative electric charge?",
      "choices": [
        "Electron",
        "Proton",
        "Neutron",
        "Photon"
      ],
      "answer": 1,
      "explanation": "Electrons carry a negative charge; protons are positive and neutrons are neutral."
    },
    {
      "type": "choice",
      "prompt": "How many chromosomes are in a normal human body (somatic) cell?",
      "choices": [
        "46",
        "23",
        "48",
        "44"
      ],
      "answer": 1,
      "explanation": "Human somatic cells have 23 pairs, for a total of 46 chromosomes."
    },
    {
      "type": "text",
      "prompt": "What gas do plants absorb from the air and use during photosynthesis? (name the gas)",
      "answers": [
        "carbon dioxide",
        "co2",
        "co₂"
      ],
      "explanation": "Plants absorb carbon dioxide and, using sunlight, produce glucose and release oxygen."
    },
    {
      "type": "text",
      "prompt": "What is the chemical symbol for water? (formula)",
      "answers": [
        "h2o",
        "h₂o"
      ],
      "explanation": "Water is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, written H2O."
    },
    {
      "type": "ox",
      "prompt": "Newton's third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.",
      "answer": true,
      "explanation": "When one body exerts a force on another, the second exerts an equal force in the opposite direction."
    },
    {
      "type": "ox",
      "prompt": "The pH scale ranges from 0 to 7, with 7 being the most acidic value.",
      "answer": false,
      "explanation": "The pH scale runs from 0 to 14; 7 is neutral, and lower numbers (toward 0) are more acidic."
    },
    {
      "type": "choice",
      "prompt": "Which particle is the carrier (mediator) of the electromagnetic force?",
      "choices": [
        "Photon",
        "Gluon",
        "Neutrino",
        "Electron"
      ],
      "answer": 1,
      "explanation": "The photon is the exchange particle that mediates the electromagnetic force."
    },
    {
      "type": "ox",
      "prompt": "Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.",
      "answer": true,
      "explanation": "Plants use sunlight to build glucose, storing energy in its chemical bonds."
    },
    {
      "type": "text",
      "prompt": "What force pulls objects toward the center of the Earth? (name the force)",
      "answers": [
        "gravity",
        "gravitation",
        "gravitational force"
      ],
      "explanation": "Gravity is the attractive force that pulls masses toward one another, including toward Earth's center."
    },
    {
      "type": "ox",
      "prompt": "Isotopes of the same element differ in their number of protons.",
      "answer": false,
      "explanation": "Isotopes have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons."
    },
    {
      "type": "ox",
      "prompt": "The second law of thermodynamics says the entropy of an isolated system tends to increase over time.",
      "answer": true,
      "explanation": "In an isolated system, disorder (entropy) tends to rise, setting a direction for spontaneous processes."
    },
    {
      "type": "choice",
      "prompt": "What is the most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere?",
      "choices": [
        "Oxygen",
        "Carbon dioxide",
        "Nitrogen",
        "Hydrogen"
      ],
      "answer": 3,
      "explanation": "Nitrogen makes up about 78 percent of Earth's atmosphere, far more than oxygen."
    },
    {
      "type": "ox",
      "prompt": "A catalyst is permanently consumed and used up during a chemical reaction.",
      "answer": false,
      "explanation": "A catalyst speeds up a reaction without being consumed, so it can be reused."
    },
    {
      "type": "ox",
      "prompt": "Ohm's law states that voltage equals current multiplied by resistance.",
      "answer": true,
      "explanation": "Ohm's law is written V = I × R, relating voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit."
    },
    {
      "type": "text",
      "prompt": "What is the process by which a liquid changes into a gas called? (single word)",
      "answers": [
        "evaporation",
        "vaporization",
        "vaporisation"
      ],
      "explanation": "Vaporization, commonly called evaporation at a surface, is the change of a liquid into a gas."
    },
    {
      "type": "ox",
      "prompt": "Ribosomes are the organelles chiefly responsible for producing the cell's ATP.",
      "answer": false,
      "explanation": "Ribosomes build proteins; ATP is mainly produced by the mitochondria."
    },
    {
      "type": "ox",
      "prompt": "Noble gases are largely chemically inert because they have full outer electron shells.",
      "answer": true,
      "explanation": "With complete valence shells, noble gases have little tendency to gain, lose, or share electrons."
    },
    {
      "type": "choice",
      "prompt": "Which type of electromagnetic radiation carries the highest energy?",
      "choices": [
        "Radio waves",
        "Gamma rays",
        "Visible light",
        "Microwaves"
      ],
      "answer": 2,
      "explanation": "Gamma rays have the shortest wavelength and highest frequency, so they carry the most energy."
    },
    {
      "type": "ox",
      "prompt": "Red light has a shorter wavelength than blue light.",
      "answer": false,
      "explanation": "Red light has a longer wavelength than blue light; blue is at the shorter-wavelength end of visible light."
    },
    {
      "type": "ox",
      "prompt": "Water expands when it freezes, so ice is less dense than liquid water.",
      "answer": true,
      "explanation": "Ice's crystal structure spreads molecules farther apart, making it less dense so it floats."
    },
    {
      "type": "text",
      "prompt": "What is the chemical symbol for the element gold?",
      "answers": [
        "au"
      ],
      "explanation": "Gold's symbol is Au, from its Latin name aurum."
    },
    {
      "type": "ox",
      "prompt": "In a covalent bond, electrons are transferred completely from one atom to another.",
      "answer": false,
      "explanation": "Covalent bonds involve shared electrons; complete electron transfer describes ionic bonds."
    },
    {
      "type": "ox",
      "prompt": "The Doppler effect describes a change in a wave's observed frequency due to relative motion between source and observer.",
      "answer": true,
      "explanation": "As a source and observer move relative to each other, the observed frequency shifts, as with a passing siren."
    },
    {
      "type": "choice",
      "prompt": "What is the SI base unit of electric current?",
      "choices": [
        "Volt",
        "Watt",
        "Ohm",
        "Ampere"
      ],
      "answer": 4,
      "explanation": "The ampere (A) is the SI base unit of electric current."
    },
    {
      "type": "ox",
      "prompt": "Mitosis produces four genetically unique daughter cells from one parent cell.",
      "answer": false,
      "explanation": "Mitosis yields two genetically identical daughter cells; four genetically varied cells come from meiosis."
    },
    {
      "type": "ox",
      "prompt": "Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses because of its motion.",
      "answer": true,
      "explanation": "A moving object carries kinetic energy that increases with its mass and the square of its speed."
    },
    {
      "type": "text",
      "prompt": "What term describes an animal that eats only plants?",
      "answers": [
        "herbivore",
        "herbivorous"
      ],
      "explanation": "A herbivore is an animal whose diet consists mainly or entirely of plants."
    },
    {
      "type": "ox",
      "prompt": "The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the time it takes for all of its atoms to decay.",
      "answer": false,
      "explanation": "A half-life is the time for half of the atoms in a sample to decay, not all of them."
    }
  ]
}